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antivan   antivan Antoaneta Ivanova's TIGblog
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www.mladiinfo.com
Translations available in: English (original) | French | Spanish | Italian | German | Portuguese | Swedish | Russian | Dutch | Arabic

Visit the following web portal http://www.mladiinfo.com that provide the information on English language for scholarships, studies, masters, phds, trainings, conferences, grants, internships and jobs.

http://www.mladiinfo.com

Mladi Info is an informative web portal, created for all ambitious young people that have desire to continue their education and to improve themselves in different areas at the universities and institutions all around the world.

Please feel free to share with us all the information you have about campaigns, events, projects etc..

At the end of next year-December 2009 we will organize the global conference on topic The information society and its impact on youth online media in Skopje, Macedonia

November 28, 2008 | 3:18 AM Comments  0 comments



byjovanovski   byjovanovski Jovanco's TIGblog
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VLACH
Related to country: Macedonia

Translations available in: English (original) | French | Spanish | Italian | German | Portuguese | Swedish | Russian | Dutch | Arabic

Vlachs

Vlachs is a blanket term covering several modern Latin peoples descending from the Latinised population in Central, Eastern and Southeastern Europe. It is also called Vallachians, Wallachians, Wlachs, Wallachs, Vlahs, Olahs or Ulahs; (Albanian: Vllenjë,Vllehë; Czech: Valaši; Greek: Βλάχοι Vláhi; Polish: Wołosi; South Slavic: Власи Vlasi; Turkish: Ulahlar; Ukrainian: Волохи Volokhy). Groups that have historically been called Vlachs include: modern-day Romanians, Aromanians, Morlachs, Megleno-Romanians and Istro-Romanians. Since the creation of the Romanian state, the term in English has mostly been used for those living outside Romania.

The term "Vlach" is originally an exonym. All the Vlach groups used various words derived from romanus to refer to themselves: Români, Rumâni, Rumâri, Aromâni, Arumâni etc. (note: the Megleno-Romanians nowadays call themselves "Vlaşi", but historically called themselves "Rămâni"; The Istro-Romanians also have adopted the names Vlaşi, but still use Rumâni and Rumâri to refer to themselves).

Vlachs descend predominantly from the Romanised Dacians, Thracians and Illyrians, the indigenous populations of the Balkans, and Roman colonists (from various provinces of the Roman Empire).

The Vlach languages, also called the Eastern Romance languages, have a common origin from the Proto-Romanian language. Over the centuries, the Vlachs split into various Vlach groups (see Romania in the Dark Ages) and mixed with neighbouring populations: Slavs, Greeks, Albanians, Cumans, and others.

Almost all modern nations in Central and Southeastern Europe (Austria, Poland, Hungary, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Ukraine, Serbia, Croatia, the Republic of Macedonia, Albania, Greece and Bulgaria.) have native Vlach minorities.


Etymology
Main article: History of the term Vlach
The word Vlach is ultimately of Germanic origin, from the word Walha, a name used by ancient Germanic peoples to refer to (mainly) Romance-speaking neighbours. As such, it shares its history with several ethnic names all across Europe , including the Welsh and Walloons. Slavic people initially used the name Vlachs when referring to Romanic people in general. Later on, the meaning became narrower or just different. For example Italy is called Włochy in Polish, and Olaszország ("Olasz country") in Hungarian.

Through history, the term "Vlach" was often used for groups which were not ethnically Vlachs, often pejoratively - for example for any shepherding community, for Serbs, or for Christians by Muslims. In the Croatian region of Dalmatia, Vlaj/Vlah (sing.) and Vlaji/Vlasi (plural) are the terms used by the inhabitants of coastal towns for the people who live inland or pejoratively: barbarians who came from the mountain. In Greece, the word Βλάχος (Vláhos) is often used as a slur against any supposedly uncouth or uncultured person. However, in recent years there has been a concerted effort by Greek Vlachs to reclaim the term from its negative connotations and to proclaim openly and proudly their Vlach identity.


Wallachia
This article or section may contain original research or unverified claims.
Please improve the article by adding references. See the talk page for details. (September 2007)

Besides the separation of some groups (Aromanians, Megleno-Romanians) during the Age of Migration, many other Vlachs could be found all over the Balkans, as far north as Poland and as far west as the territory Moravia (part of modern Czech Republic), and as far south as the present-day Croatia. They reached these regions in search of better pastures, and were called "Wallachians" (Vlasi; Valaši) by the Slavic peoples.

Statal Entities:

Wallachia ("Ungro-Wallachia" or"Wallachia Transalpina" in administrative sorces; "Ţara Românească" in Romanian Language) - between the Southern Carpathians and the Danube
Moldo-Wallachia ("Moldavia", Maurovlachia - "Black Wallachia", Moldovlachia or Ruso-Vlachia in Byzantine sources, Bogdan Iflak - "Bogdan's Wallachia", or even "Wallachia" in Polish sources, and "L`otra Wallachia" -the other Wallachia- in native sources) - between the Carpathians and the Nistru river.
Wallachia and Bulgaria - between the Danube and the Balkan Mountains
Great Wallachia ("Μεγάλη Βλαχία", Megáli Vlahía) - in Thessaly.
Regions:

Vlaşca - part of southern Wallachia
Greater Wallachia ("Muntenia") - east of the Olt river
Lower Wallachia ("Oltenia") - west of the Olt river
Walachia Cissalpina/Walachia citeriore (also called Vulaska, Vlaska,Valachia, Vlaskozemski, Parvan Vallachiam, etc.) - Banat
Upper Wallachia ("Άνω Βλαχία", Áno Vlahía) - in southern Macedonia and Epirus
Moscopole
Small Wallachia ("Μικρή Βλαχία", Mikrí Vlahía) - in Aetolia, Acarnania, Dorida (Doris), Locrida (Locris)
Old Wallachia ("Stara Vlaška") - in Bosnia
Stari Vlah ("the Old Vlach") - in Western Serbia
White Wallachia - in Moesia
Black Wallachia ("Morlachia") - in Dalmatia
Sirmium Wallachia - on the Sava river
Moravian Wallachia ("Valašsko") - in the Beskid Mountains of the Czech Republic

People

Map of Balkans with regions inhabited by Vlachs/Romanians highlightedDaco-Romanians (Romanians proper) , speaking the Romanian language (Daco-Romanian), known by that name due to their location in the territory of ancient Dacia, who live in:
Romania - 20 million
Moldova - 2.8 million
Ukraine - 400,000; in southern Bessarabia and northern Bukovina
Serbia - 70,473 (30,000 in Vojvodina and 40,000 in eastern Serbia)
Hungary - 15,000
Bulgaria - 11,500 (1,000 persons counted as "rumuni" and 10,500 persons counted als "vlasi")
Aromanians (speaking the Aromanian language), live in:
Greece, mainly in the Pindus Mountains (the Greek government does not recognise any ethnic divisions, so there are no exact statistics. See Demographics of Greece)
Albania - 200,000
Romania - 100,000
Republic of Macedonia - 80,000
Bulgaria - 10,500 incl. Vlachs.
Serbia - 15,000
Megleno-Romanians (speaking the Megleno-Romanian language), living in the region of Macedonia, specifically Greece and the Republic of Macedonia - 20,000.
Istro-Romanians (speaking the Istro-Romanian language) living in Croatia, with a population of 1,200, but with fewer than 200 acknowledged native speakers.

Culture
Many Vlachs were shepherds in the medieval times, driving their sheep through the mountains of Southeastern Europe. The Vlach shepherds reached as far as Southern Poland and Moravia in the North (by following the Carpathian range), Dinaric Alps in West, the Pindus mountains in South, and as far as the Caucasus Mountains in the east [1].

In many of these areas, the descendants of the Vlachs have lost their language, but their legacy still lives today in cultural influences: customs, folklore and the way of life of the mountain people, as well as in the place names of Romanian or Aromanian origin that are spread all across the region.

Another part of the Vlachs, especially those in the northern parts, in Romania and Moldova, were traditional farmers growing cereals. Linguists believe that the large vocabulary of Latin words related to agriculture shows that they have always been a farming Vlach population, unlike the Albanians, who have borrowed many of these words from Slavic.

Just like the language, the cultural links between the Northern Vlachs (Romanians) and Southern Vlachs (Aromanians) were broken by the 10th century, and since then, there were different cultural influences:

Romanian culture was influenced by neighbouring people such as Hungarians and Slavs and developed itself to what it is today. The 19th century saw an important opening toward Western Europe and cultural ties with France.
Aromanian culture developed initially as a pastoral culture, later to be greatly influenced by the Byzantine and Greek culture.

Religion
The religion of the Vlachs is predominantly Eastern Orthodox Christianity, but there are some regions where they are Catholics and Protestants (mainly in Transylvania) and a few are even Muslims (Megleno-Romanians from Greece who converted to Islam and have been living in Turkey since the 1923 exchange of populations).


History
The first record of a Balkan Romanic presence in the Byzantine period can be found in the writings of Procopius, in the 5th century. The writings mention forts with names such as Skeptekasas (Seven Houses), Burgulatu (Broad City), Loupofantana (Wolf's Well) and Gemellomountes (Twin Mountains). A Byzantine chronicle of 586 about an incursion against the Avars in the eastern Balkans may contain one of the earliest references to Vlachs. The account states that when the baggage carried by a mule slipped, the muleteer shouted, "Torna, torna, fratre!" ("Return, return, brother!"). However the account might just be a recording of one of the last appearances of Latin (Vulgar Latin).

Blachernae, the suburb of Constantinople, was named after a certain Duke from Scythia named "Blachernos". His name may be linked with the name "Blachs" (Vlachs).

In the 10th century, the Hungarians arrived in the Pannonian plain, and, according to the Gesta Hungarorum written by an anonymous chancellor of King Bela III of Hungary, the plain was inhabited by Slavs, Bulgars, Vlachs and pastores Romanorum (shepherds of the Romans) (in original: sclauij, Bulgarij et Blachij, ac pastores romanorum). However, the chronicle was written around 1146.

In 1185, two noble brothers from Tarnovo named Peter and Asen led a Bulgarian revolt against Byzantine Greek rule and declared Tsar Peter II (also known as Theodore Peter) as king of the reborn state. The following year, the Byzantines were forced to recognize Bulgaria's independence. Peter styled himself "Tsar of the Bulgars, Greeks, and Vlachs" as did most subsequent rulers of the Second Bulgarian Empire (see Vlach-Bulgar Rebellion).

History of Aromanians
History of Romania

See also
Thraco-Roman
List of Aromanians
List of Romanians
Lex Antiqua Valachorum
Supplex Libellus Valachorum

urther reading
Theodor Capidan, Aromânii, dialectul aromân. Studiul lingvistic ("Aromanians, Aromanian dialect, Linguistic Study"), Bucharest, 1932
Victor A. Friedman, "The Vlah Minority in Macedonia: Language, Identity, Dialectology, and Standardization" in Selected Papers in Slavic, Balkan, and Balkan Studies, ed. Juhani Nuoluoto, et al. Slavica Helsingiensa:21, Helsinki: University of Helsinki. 2001. 26-50. full text Though focussed on the Vlachs of Macedonia, has in-depth discussion of many topics, including the origins of the Vlachs, their status as a minority in various countries, their political use in various contexts, and so on.
Asterios I. Koukoudis, The Vlachs: Metropolis and Diaspora, 2003, ISBN 960-7760-86-7
George Murnu, Istoria românilor din Pind, Vlahia Mare 980-1259 ("History of the Romanians of the Pindus, Greater Vlachia, 980-1259"), Bucharest, 1913

July 24, 2008 | 7:40 AM Comments  0 comments

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Zdenka   Zdenka Zdenka Nikolovska's TIGblog
Zdenka Nikolovska's profile

Iearn 2006
Related to country: Netherlands


It's so great to be part of this faboulous event! Unique mix of people, cultures, experiences and endless opportunity for collaboration! Zdenka from Macedonia

July 7, 2006 | 5:34 AM Comments  0 comments

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Sstoleska   Sstoleska IT teacher's TIGblog
IT teacher's profile

Conferences
Related to country: Netherlands

Translations available in: Macedonian (original) | English

Conferences
Translated into English by: Khawajah
Jas sum vo Holandija na iearn2006,vo gradot Enschede.Dobra organizacija i precek za sto im blagodaram na organizatorite

July 7, 2006 | 5:34 AM Comments  0 comments

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milan888   milan888 Milan Jakovcevski's TIGblog
Milan Jakovcevski's profile

Is there any hope?
Related to country: Macedonia


Is there hope for the humankind? I've always thought that as long as there is a living human being alive on the planet Earth, there IS a hope for the humankind.

Now, I'm not so sure in „Надежта последна умира“ or "Hope dies last" proverb. My hope is decremented to minimum. Why? We are all talking about some virtues, principles and moral qualities that should be present in each person's heart, mind and soul. But do we, the messengers and fighters for doing things better have these qualities? Do we act the way we should? And this means - Do we follow our heart? Because, we should be different/we should act different. We must not allow the surrounding influence us in a way that we're not sure what are we standing for in our lives.

These doubts of mine are provocated from recent events that happened in my life. I was put on a test - and I thing I passed it. But the emotions, reflection I got from the experience are just undescripable. Yes, sometinmes we must say NO to a very dear person of ours. Sometimes we must confront the stereotypes that rule the mainstream. The power for doing this each of us can find it in himself / herself. There should be no fears, the very truth is that We should be affreaid only by the fear itself.

The results of believing and doing things your heart says are just beautiful.


April 30, 2006 | 8:52 AM Comments  1 comments

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nestorela   nestorela Elena's TIGblog
Elena's profile

Hey

Hello
I am from Macedonia. Memeber of the NGO FEJS MACEDONIA.

October 31, 2005 | 1:47 PM Comments  1 comments

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ErinaNaj   ErinaNaj Erina's TIGblog
Erina's profile

Me amazed
About this event: World Youth Congress 2005 - Scotland


Just can't believe that I am in Stirling, meeting all of these amazing people, sharing experience and knoweledge. Thank you to every and one of you.

August 1, 2005 | 9:41 AM Comments  0 comments

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ErinaNaj   ErinaNaj Erina's TIGblog
Erina's profile

Welcome

From the spirit within me, to the spirit with in you

July 31, 2005 | 8:17 PM Comments  0 comments

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milan888   milan888 Milan Jakovcevski's TIGblog
Milan Jakovcevski's profile

Love? Main aspect

Hello from Macedonia. I am quite new member, but I've decided to write something. I read something about love. Love. What is it? There are a lot of philisophers, poets, writers, mortal and immortal souls speaking about the LOVE. But, for me, as a person who is growing and growing each hour, each day, I think that LOVE is a condition when we are capable to look the world with all it's beauty. To see peace and not war, to see equality and not prejudices or stereotypes, to see the Good and not the Bad, to see life and not death. But not only to see it, also to feel it, to fight and live for it. To become One with your ideals, to believe in them, that's the greatest Love and the greatest virtue that One could have.
Sorry, maybe this sounds quite freaky or too idealistic, but the situation in my country, Macedonia, is making me feel like this. I can't stand the situation we're living in. I am participating and implementing a lot of projects and events here,but the results are not very satisfying. They aren't so bad, but they aren't as I would like them to be, either. I mean, I can't believe that the youth while having an opinion for someone it's only interested in one's nationality and NOTHING else. I can't stand this.
That's it folks!
Again, sorry for my pessimism, but I know that this is the right place to say my thoughts.
Read u

March 3, 2004 | 7:21 AM Comments  0 comments

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